The city, with a population exceeding one million inhabitants, houses many large national and international businesses. Managua (Spanish pronunciation:[manawa]) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua, and one of the largest cities in Central America. Features of Managua It has a population of 2.20 million according to 2016 data. Also pending is a mega-project to reconstruct the old center of Managua, and to introduce a light rail system, to alleviate future transportation problems in Managua. This country consists of an area of 50,193 square miles. Notable landmarks include Daro Park, with its monument to Nicaraguas famed poet Rubn Daro; the National Palace; the 20th-century cathedral; the Carlos Fonseca Memorial; and the Tower of Democracy. Managua is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[71] from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities: This article is about the capital city of Nicaragua. ), improved: urban: 89.9% of populationrural: 66.5% of populationtotal: 80.3% of populationunimproved: urban: 10.1% of populationrural: 33.5% of populationtotal: 19.7% of population (2020 est. All of these highways are in good condition, with little traffic congestion. Since 2000, Nicaraguan emigration to Costa Rica has slowed and stabilized. The most populous city in the country is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.2 million (2005). For other uses, see. )hydroelectricity: 12.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Every seventh resident lives in Managua alone. Located on the shores of Lake Managua, the city had an estimated population of 1,055,247 as of 2020, [4] and a population of 1,401,687 [4] in its metropolitan area. [14], Managua is located on the southern shores of Lake Managua, also known as Lake Xolotln. [26] According to a study done by Amrica Economa INCAE ranked as the number one business school in Latin America in 2004 and 2005[27] and ranked in the top ten international business schools by The Wall Street Journal in 2006.[28]. [15][16], These works of progress have relieved old concerns over water pollution and the endangering of native wildlife have brought some residents closer to the old city center and the rest of the mainland. [6] The city also serves as the seat of Managua Department . It may have originated from the term Mana-ahuac, which in the Nahuatl language translates to "adjacent to the water" or site "surrounded by water". )industry: 24.4% (2017 est. ), total: 18.63 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 21.7 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 15.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. Geologically, the city lies on fault lines, thus seismologists predict that Managua will experience a severe earthquake every 50 years or less.[17]. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA was elected president in 2006, 2011, 2016, and most recently in 2021. The metro would serve important locales, such as the Augusto C. Sandino International Airport and continue service to Ciudad Sandino. In 1952 the University of Managua became part of the National University of Nicaragua. The city is surrounded by rich agricultural lands devoted primarily to the cultivation of coffee, cotton, and corn (maize). The Polytechnic University of Nicaragua (UPOLI) (Spanish: Universidad Politcnica de Nicaragua) is a university located in Managua, Nicaragua. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. It is a neo-classical monument which consists of a round pedestal, topped by a balustrade surrounding a fountain containing a gondola filled with singing cherubs, and at the center, a pillar topped with a statue of Daro dressed in a Roman tunic protected by an angel. . Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Managua, Nicaragua metro area from 1950 to 2023. Managua Urban Area Population History. To add insult to injury, corruption within the Somoza regime which allocated part of the relief funds hindered the reconstruction of the city's center which remains somewhat isolated from the rest of the capital. Managua is the national education center, with most of the nation's prestigious universities and higher education institutions based there. During the rainy season (May to November), Managua becomes a lush city due to many palms, bushes, and other plants and trees which dominate the city's appearance.[18]. The population of Managua; Since a population census has not currently been carried out, the estimate provided by the National Institute for Development Information INIDE is used, which estimates that by 2021. A transport map[66] of the city's 44 bus routes was created in 2016 in a crowdsourcing initiative by the Nicaraguan OpenStreetMap community. The city's chief products include beer, coffee, pharmaceuticals, textiles, shoes, matches, construction products, etc. It survived the 1972 earthquake. The plaza has been partially rebuilt and many old buildings have been refurbished. [38] The city is also home to many communities of immigrants and ex-pats from countries including but not limited to Taiwan, China, Germany, the United States, Palestine, and Latin American countries. Managua's progress came to a sudden halt after it suffered a second major earthquake on December 23, 1972, which destroyed 90% of the city's downtown and killed more than 19,120 people. Not able to rebuild quickly, the city directed emergency workers to clear away much of the city's ruins quickly while burying the deceased in mass graves. )methane emissions: 6.46 megatons (2020 est. The architects had been inspired by the church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, France. )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. Nicaraguan bus companies, often referred to as Chicken Buses, serve both urban and rural areas to remedy the lack of sufficient infrastructure that plagues these towns or villages. [55] The New Cathedral was built to replace the Old Cathedral downtown that had been damaged during the 1972 earthquake. Efforts to make Managua the capital of Nicaragua began in 1824, after the Central American nations formally attained their independence from Spain. )industrial: 73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est. )$496.7 million (2020 est. The Carretera A Masaya connects Managua to the departments of Masaya and Granada. And seven bus routes connect to the nearby Ciudad Sandino. As of 2005, over 4.4 million inhabitants live in the Pacific, Central and North regions. Located on Lake Managua's southwestern shores, Managua is the capital and the most populated city in Nicaragua. [8] The ancient footprints of Acahualinca are 2,100-year-old fossils[9] discovered along the shores of Lake Managua. )6.08% (2020 est. / Nicaragua", "Central American Countries of the Future 2005/2006", "Hoy inaugurarn moderno observatorio astronmico", "Latin American Business School Ranking (2005)", "Wall Street Journal/Harris Interactive Business School Survey", "Universidad Thomas More Profesionales de Primera", "Universidad Centroamericana UCA de Nicaragua", "La Prensa, El Diario de los Nicaraguenses Noticias Economia", "Tourism Observer: NICARAGUA: Managua, Travel On Chicken Buses, Homosexuality Not Illegal Hence No Jail Sentence", "Miss Nicaragua, una historia accidentada", "Sobre Managua: Cultura y Turismo [Fiestas Patronales de Managua]", "Concluyen fiestas patronales de la capital nicaragense", "National Stadi Rubn Daro National Theater", "Monumento al General Augusto Cesar Sandino", "National Stadium: Baseball matches and more", "Nicaragua Briefs: Obando's New Cathedral Off to a Strange Start", "Central America takes harder line against gangs", "Drugs & Crime; Gang Profile: Mara Salvatrucha", "The case of Managua's District V: Disinformation, prudence or something else? Although promoting or practicing homosexuality was illegal in Nicaragua,[44] there is a modest gay social scene in Managua. Managua has grown by 17,811 in the last year, which represents a 1.4% annual change. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. ), total: 27.3 yearsmale: 26.4 yearsfemale: 28.2 years (2020 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2020 est. Much of Managua was rebuilt after 1931, when it was ravaged by earthquake and fire. Nicaragua's population is 69% Mestizo, 17% white, 5% Amerindian and 9% black and other races, although its demographics change with migration. The city is only 163 feet (50 metres) above sea level and is one of Central Americas warmest capitals. [citation needed], Managua is home to the annual Miss Nicaragua pageant; it is the national beauty pageant of Nicaragua. On the professional level, the National Nicaraguan Football team has still not had the public support nor the international exposure as the regional counterparts like the Costa Rican, Honduran or Salvadoran teams. To make matters worse, a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Mitch in 1998, made economic recovery more difficult. Nightclubs and bars are abound in Managua, particularly, in the popular areas called "Zona Viva" located in the shopping mall "Galeras Santo Domingo", as well as very close by "Plaza Mi Viejo Santo Domingo" and "Plaza Familiar". This highway is commonly referred to as the Northern Highway. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7, total: 122,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2021), total: 1351,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 119 (2021), total: 23,897 km (2014)paved: 3,346 km (2014)unpaved: 20,551 km (2014), 2,220 km (2011) (navigable waterways as well as the use of the large Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua; rivers serve only the sparsely populated eastern part of the country), total: 5by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 3 (2021), Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito de Nicaragua, EN): Land Forces (Fuerza Terrestre); Naval Forces (Fuerza Naval); Air Forces (Fuerza Area); Special Operations Command (Comando de Operaciones Especiales); Nicaraguan National Police (2022)note: both the military and the police report directly to the president, 0.6% of GDP (2021 est. World Book, 2009. It produces a variety of small manufactures, including processed meat, furniture, metal, and textiles, and it has an oil refinery. The library has 67,000 books, free internet, a newspaper archive, and economic information from the Central Bank. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The importance of sugarcane, rice, sorghum, cattle, and horses is decreasing. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. Salsa dancing is a national pastime. Hence, Managua was officially selected as the nation's capital in 1852.[10]. Are Nicaraguans white or black? Both national and international artists present shows, concerts, exhibitions, and cultural performances such as El Gegense among many others. 2011. The pageant is traditionally held at the Rubn Daro National Theatre and has been held since 1955.[39]. The city has a population of roughly 1,800,000, composed predominantly of mestizos and whites; making it the second most populous city in Central America after Guatemala City. )wind: 15.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Road development and market access on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast: implications for household fishing and farming practices. The team reached the Final Four at the 2016 Liga Centroamericana de clubes de baloncesto. The Pan-American Highway and an international airport tie it to other Central and North American cities. Based on weather reports collected during 1985-2015. Baseball is by far Nicaragua's most popular sport, followed by soccer and boxing. (male 180,441/female 231,392), total dependency ratio: 54.4youth dependency ratio: 46.4elderly dependency ratio: 8potential support ratio: 12.6 (2021 est. Managua, the largest city in the country, is also its centre of commerce and culture. Since 2001, the Sandinista National Liberation Front has held a majority on the city council. El Nuevo Diario. The population of the capital is 1,350,000 which corresponds to approximately 1.3 million people. Managua, due to its tropical climate, varied topography, rich fertile soils, and abundant rain and water sources, boasts a great variety of flora. Despite being one of the poorest countries in Latin America, Nicaragua has improved its access to potable water and sanitation and has ameliorated its life expectancy, infant and child mortality, and immunization rates. After winning the presidential election in 1990, the National Opposition Union began the reconstruction of Managua began in earnest. )geothermal: 16.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )government consumption: 15.3% (2017 est. Image showing to men readi Many of these individuals live in the country's cities and urban areas. The rainy season occurs between mid-May and mid-November, while the dry-season occurs between mid-November and the middle or end of May. Population 6,203,441 Population Growth Rate 1.05% Urban Population 57.5% Population in Major Urban Areas MANAGUA (capital) 970,000 CountryReports 1997 - 2023 - All Rights Reserved. The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. [37], Managua is Nicaragua's cultural capital, boasting several restaurants, theaters, museums, and a few shopping centers. Omissions? Managua is the home of most national broadcasting television channels as well as the major national newspapers. Managua is the economic center and a generator of services for the majority of the nation. Since a population census has not currently been carried out, the estimate provided by the National Institute for Development Information INIDE is used, which estimates that by 2021 the population of the capital is 1,350,000 which corresponds to approximately 1.3 million people. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Temperatures are highest in March, April and May when the sun lies directly overhead and the summer rainfall has yet to begin. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. The city has a population of approximately 1.5 million people. ), total subscriptions: 210,981 (2020 est. 7/20/1979-Managua, Nicaragua-Members of the 5-man junta of the Sandinista provisional government wave from the top of a fire truck as they enter the main square in downtown Managua. The metro area population of Managua in 2021 was 1,073,000, a 0.85% increase from 2020. Other archeological evidence, mainly in the form of ceramics and statues made of volcanic stone, like the ones found on the island of Zapatera, and petroglyphs found on Ometepe island, contribute to the increasing knowledge of Nicaragua's ancient history. The temperature varies from 72F (22.2C) at night to 86F (30C) during the daytime. There are four main highways that lead into Managua. Web. [citation needed] The project included the possibility of building a metro that would cross over the old center of the capital that remains rather unchanged since the 1972 earthquake. Environmental Conservation. For more than 50years, the National Palace housed the Congress. Capital and largest city is Managua, almost one quarter of the country's population lives in the city. ), total: 290,351 (2020 est. By Reuters. )5.21% (2019 est. In the numismatic hall there is a permanent exhibition of Nicaraguan coins, bills, and memorial medals from throughout Nicaragua's history.[43]. )permanent pasture: 27.2% (2018 est. Managua's 2023 population is now estimated at, Managua has grown by 17,811 in the last year, which represents a, These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the. )forest: 25.3% (2018 est. ), household consumption: 69.9% (2017 est. There are 36 bus routes in Managua. . In 2007, after a successful literacy campaign, Managua was declared by the Mayor of Managua and the Sandinista party newspaper to be the first capital city in Central America to be rid of illiteracy. [citation needed] During the parade many people dress up in typical costumes, masks and painted bodies. University level institutions account for 6% of the 18 percent. A road from the river port city of El Rama to Pearl Lagoon, located in the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, was completed in 2007. Roman Catholic 50%, Evangelical 33.2%, other 2.9%, none 0.7%, unspecified 13.2% (2017 est.). Managua, like much of Western Nicaragua, except for the Sierras, has a tropical climate with constant temperatures averaging between 28 and 32C (82 and 90F). Nicaragua was inhabited by Paleo-Americans as far back as 12,000 BC. Nearby is the Monument to Sandino which is a silhouette of Augusto C. Sandino, one of Nicaragua's national heroes. [53], The Catedral de Santiago (St. James' Cathedral), also known as the Old Cathedral of Managua was designed by Belgian architects, and the iron that was used to shape the core of the cathedral was shipped from Belgium. Flugh.) The Santo Domingo de Guzmn Museum is an anthropology museum. Ese These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Many different types of trees, some of which are not found elsewhere in the world, appear, including chilamates, ceibos, pochotes, genzaros, tigilotes, royal palms, piuelas and madroos (Nicaragua's national tree) surround the city. Compared to western prices, alcoholic beverages, theater visits and cinema tickets are relatively inexpensive. Population: 6,545,502: Largest City Managua (1,063,698) Currency : Cordobas (NIO) GDP: $12.52 Billion: The population reached 937,489 in 2005, with more than 1.2 million people in the metropolitan area, representing one-fourth of the total population of Nicaragua. Carretera unir a Bluefields con Nueva Guinea. If you use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. It was founded in 1967. This is Managua's moment and here are the best things to see and do in the city. [24] About 18 percent of Nicaragua's total budget is invested in primary, secondary and higher education. )consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador prompted the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. [54] The St. James' Cathedral became the first cathedral in the Western Hemisphere to be built entirely of concrete on a metal frame. A disastrous earthquake in 1931 and large fire in 1936[11] destroyed much of the city. Several new hotels including Crowne Plaza, Best Western, InterContinental, Holiday Inn, and Hilton currently have facilities in Managua. The country has a population of 6.2 million people (est. Nicaragua became an independent nation in 1838. The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from Managua to New York are Avianca and Copa Airlines. )30.051 (2017 est. Other monuments include the monument of El Guerrillero sin Nombre (The Nameless Guerrilla Soldier) and Monumento la Paz (Monument for Peace). ), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est. The city has railroad and highway connections with the Pacific port of Corinto and with the cities of Len and Granada. [41], During the Santo Domingo festival some people cover themselves in a mix of grease and motor oil to pay promises to the saints while others wear masks and costumes.[42]. 3.1 million C. 3 million D. 1.3 million There has been growing amateur interest in little football or "futbolin" among teens and adults. There is also a park dedicated to the Guatemalan writer Miguel ngel Asturias. Annual Weather Averages Near Managua. Municipal, regional, and national-level elections since 2008 have been marred by widespread irregularities. )beer: 1.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. agriculture: 15.5% (2017 est. The National Palace is one of Managua's oldest buildings, undamaged by the 1972 earthquake. Schmidt K.M. The Nicaraguan capital has had an ascending population clearly registered in the censuses since 1971, with an initial population of 384,904 for that year, which has increased to 908,892 for the year 2005 . )major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informacin bsica. [56], Neither Nicaragua nor the city of Managua have major gang problems, in comparison to some of its regional neighbors. les, brainly.com/question/10237353?referrer=searchResults. Managua, the capital city of Nicaragua, has an estimated population of 1,083, inhabitants, which covers one-sixth of the total population of the country, according to World Population Review (2022). Businesses mushroomed, new housing projects and schools were constructed, the airport was expanded and modernized, streets were widened, older malls were repaired and new ones were built, and buildings were cleaned up. Also, the tomb of Carlos Fonseca, founder of the FSLN, which is guarded by an eternal flame. Located on Lake Managua's south western shores is, Managua - the capital, the largest and the most populated city of Nicaragua. The library also has a gallery in the same building, where notable Nicaraguan paintings, as well as pieces from new promising artists, are exhibited. It remains here for ten days until the morning of August 10, when the "Subida del Santo" (walking up of the saint) returns the statue to Las Sierritas Church where it remains for the rest of the year. However, income distribution is very uneven, and the poor, agriculturalists, and indigenous people continue to have less access to healthcare services. Managua Population: (2023 est.) )arable land: 12.5% (2018 est. )exports of goods and services: 41.2% (2017 est. It recently inaugurated its over US$52 million extension and renovation partly financed by Spain. [17] Managua is also Nicaragua's main political, social, cultural, educational and economic hub. With an average price for the route of $868 and an overall rating of 7.9, Avianca is the most popular choice. mas Nicaragua's government has committed serious and systematic violations which amount to crimes against humanity, a United Nations . Managua's most famous festival is that of its patron saint Santo Domingo de Guzmn. [34] As well as many hotels, Managua has opened four western style shopping centers or malls, such as Plaza Inter, Centro Comercial Metrocentro, Galerias Santo Domingo[es],[35] and Multicentro Las Americas,[36] with many more being constructed. Critics pointed to the fact that buildings of particular importance, especially those of colonial heritage, were painted in bright colors. ), urban population: 59.8% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. Transportation-wise, Managua is one of Nicaragua's best positioned cities. Nicaragua is comparatively low at an average elevation of 298 meters above sea level. INCAE was founded in 1964 with the support of the United States government and other Central American countries. Escaping the city center, earthquake victims found refuge in the outskirts of the city. The average temperature ranges from 28 to 32 degrees Celsius. Today, the city is a major economic hub for both the country and Central America. [citation needed] The cathedral survived the 1931 earthquake, but was heavily damaged during the 1972 earthquake, which eventually led to the construction of a new cathedral located in another part of Managua. Managua is the biggest and capital city of Nicaragua. ), municipal: 286 million cubic meters (2017 est. UNAN was established in 1812 in the city of Len and its main campus is located in Managua. It is nearly ten times the size of Len, the second-largest city of the country. In 1950, the population of Managua was 109,903 . Commercial activity, however, remains low. The monument stands 59feet tall. Corrections? Located on the southwestern shores of Lake Nicaragua, Managua has been the capital of Nicaragua since the 1800's. The largest city in Nicaragua in both population and size, Managua was originally a sleepy rural fishing community. The Dennis Martnez National Stadium has a capacity for 40,000, making it the largest stadium in Nicaragua. Managua is the capital city of Nicaragua. [citation needed] Residential and commercial buildings have been constructed on the outskirts of the city, in the same locales that were once used as refuge camps for those who were homeless after the earthquake. ), $5,600 (2021 est. note: data are in current year dollars$5.939 billion (2020 est.) [63] Traveling by airplane is more efficient than traveling by these roads due to the poor conditions, especially in the rainy season. 1. Managua is also home to all of the major banks of the nation, Banco de la Produccin (BANPRO), BAC Credomatic, Banco de Finanzas (BDF), Banco de Crdito Centroamericano (Bancentro) and its parent company the Lafise Group. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in subsequent decades. It is also the largest city in Nicaragua. )0.6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $170 million)0.6% of GDP (2018) (approximately $180 million)0.6% of GDP (2017) (approximately $190 million), approximately 12,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,200 Air Force) (2022), the Nicaraguan military's inventory includes mostly secondhand Russian/Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, Russia has been the leading arms supplier to Nicaragua (2022), 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2022), the modern Army of Nicaragua was created in 1979 as the Sandinista Popular Army (1979-1984); prior to 1979, the military was known as the National Guard, which was organized and trained by the US in the 1920s and 1930s; the first commander of the National Guard, Anastasio SOMOZA GARCIA, seized power in 1937 and ran the country as a military dictator until his assassination in 1956; his sons ran the country either directly or through figureheads until the Sandinistas came to power in 1979; the defeated National Guard was disbanded by the Sandinistas (2022), Nicaragua-El Salvador-Honduras: the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; the court ruled, rather, that the Gulf ofFonsecarepresents a condominium, with control being shared by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the decision allowed for the possibility that the three nations could divide the waters at a later date if they wished to do so, Nicaragua-Costa Rica: Nicaragua and Costa Rica regularly file border dispute cases with the ICJ over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island, virtually uninhabited areas claimed by both countries; there is an ongoing case in the ICJ to determine Pacific and Atlantic ocean maritime borders as well as land borders; in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region; in 2018, the ICJ ruled that Nicaragua must remove a military base from a contested coastal area near the San Juan River, and that Costa Rica had sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, including the coast, but excluding Harbour Head Lagoon; additionally, Honduras was required to pay reparations for environmental damage to part of the wetlands at the mouth of the San Juan River, Nicaragua-Colombia: Nicaragua filed a case with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Colombia in 2013 over the delimitation of the Continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, as well as over the alleged violation by Colombia of Nicaraguan maritime space in the Caribbean Sea, which contains rich oil and fish resources; as of September 2021, Colombia refuses to abide by the ICJ ruling, tier rating: Tier 3 Nicaragua does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so and was downgraded to Tier 3; the government identified slightly more victims than in the previous reporting period and prosecuted a trafficker; however, no traffickers were convicted and victim identification remained inadequate; authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict government employees complicit in trafficking; the government provided no victim services; prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts in the two Caribbean autonomous regions of Nicaragua continued to be much weaker than in the rest of the country (2020)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Nicaragua and Nicaraguans abroad; women, children, and migrants are most at risk; women and children are subject to sex trafficking within the country and its two Caribbean autonomous regions, as well as in other Central American countries, Mexico, Spain, and the United States; traffickers used social media to recruit victims with promises of high-paying jobs in restaurants, hotels, construction, and security outside of Nicaragua where they are subjected to sex or labor trafficking; traffickers exploit children through forced participation in illegal drug production and trafficking; children and persons with disabilities are subjected to forced begging; Nicaragua is also a destination for child sex tourists from the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, a transit route for drug traffickers smuggling cocaine from South America through Mexico into the United States via maritime and air routes, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). sam tsui adopted daughter,