However, the date of retrieval is often important. Inventions Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. "Tianlijiao ", in. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. ThoughtCo. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. }, Page last modified: Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. . Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. . Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. . The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The rebels are all our own subjects. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Szczepanski, Kallie. Omissions? Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. (February 22, 2023). Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Encyclopedia.com. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. He simply and quietly disappeared. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Chien-lung //]]>. Update now. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Omissions? He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. At the . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. [CDATA[ After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Updates? The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. As one Qing official complained:[9]. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. 12 talking about this. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to .