The company has developed a small laser weapon, initially designed to engage small UAVs, that uses a high-resolution telescope to direct a 210kW beam with the diameter of a penny out to a range of 5.4nmi (10.0km; 6.2mi). [93] Each Apache carried an asymmetric load of Hydra 70 rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank. [275] In October 2014, Taiwan's fifth and final batch of AH-64Es was delivered. In 1993, invitations to bid were issued. "Helicopter Certification: The Challenge of Testing UK Apache". The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new radios. Each engine develops a maximum take-off power of 1,566kW. [232] In 2000, Boeing announced an order to remanufacture Egypt's Apache fleet to the AH-64D configuration,[233] except for Longbow radar, which had been excluded by the U.S. An AH-64D Apache flies over a residential area in the Multi-National Division-Baghdad area conducting a reconnaissance mission to keep an eye out for enemy mortar and anti-aircraft systems. For the US and their allies, the Apache is their premier attack . [61], The Apache's first operational tour was as part of 16 Air Assault Brigade in Afghanistan; there were eight Apache AH1s deployed in Afghanistan in February 2007. Owner of this site is not responsible for potential mistakes or lacks of data. 2~3 Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. There are four levels of UAV interoperability (LOI): LOI 1 indirectly receives payload data; LOI 2 receives payload data through direct communication; LOI 3 deploys the UAV's armaments; and LOI 4 takes over flight control. Blow to UK-based AgustaWestland as MoD prepares to buy 50 US-made Apache attack choppers after Boeing drops price to 425m Defence Secretary Michael Fallon expected to announce deal in July. Clothing. Donald, David. [4] The UK's Strategic Defence Review called for Apaches to undertake amphibious attack missions, operating from the helicopter carrier HMSOcean, the Invincible-class aircraft carriers (all since retired) and their successors, the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, and possibly the amphibious assault vessels HMSBulwark and Albion. It offers optimum self-protection, by initiating potential tactics and countermeasures to defeat threats from hostile systems. The AH-64 Apache was designed to be an extremely tough survivor under combat. Now we have taken the decision to buy the Apache, the Army must ensure that doctrine is developed to allow us to make the fullest possible use of its tremendous capability. The Smart Onboard Data Interface Module (SMODIM) transmits Apache data to an AWSS ground station for gunnery evaluation. [140], In July 2014, the Pentagon announced that Apaches had been dispatched to Baghdad to protect embassy personnel from Islamic State militant attacks. New Spanish Channel! Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle landing gear arrangement. Additional avionics and sensor improvements includes an extended-range radar capable of detecting small ships in littoral environments, software adaptions to handle maritime targets, and adding Link 16 data-links for better communications with friendly assets. [307], U.S. Army AH-64As are being converted to AH-64Ds. The fully-integrated glass cockpit accommodates two crew members in tandem configuration. AgustaWestland Apache WAH-64 - WalkAround Posted on 18 January 2015 Modified on 2 June 2022 by SdKfz.000 | Leave a reply Photo gallery of a AgustaWestland Apache WAH-64, The AgustaWestland Apache is a licence-built version of the AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter for the British Army's Army Air Corps. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [38][39] In May 2008, several senior officers, such as General David Ramsbotham spoke out against British plans to keep the weapon. [83], In May 2011, the MoD announced that the Apache fleet had reached 100,000 hours flying time, and describing it as a "vital battlefield tool in Afghanistan". Become A Channel Member: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2vcjazcVurVmpn5svBRA-Q/joinFOLLOW US:Leroy Kenton: https://www.instagram.com/ftdonline/Dave Walpole: https://www.instagram.com/dave.r.walpole/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ftdonlineTwitter: https://twitter.com/ftdonline Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. On 13 January 2007, a 200-strong British force, led by Royal Marines, launched an operation to attack Jugroom Fort, a major Taliban base in southern Helmand Province. The AH Mk1 helicopter was also operated from the HMS Ocean helicopter carrier and Invincible Class aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal. to add to the previous kit photos in our preview.. We have even more detail of the new twin paring of AH-64D Longbow and E Guardian helicopters on the way from Takom in 1/35th scale. The APG-78 radar can detect, classify and prioritise 12 targets simultaneously, and can see through the fog and smoke that currently foils infra-red or TV sensors. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improve survivability, navigation, and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. All in all, 2,500 Apaches have been produced! [243] In 2009, the competition was restarted. CHOPPERED: In an astonishing lure to Britain, Boeing axes sky high cost of Apache attack helicopter from 20m to just 8.5m. [300], In November 2019, the U.S. State Department approved a FMS to Morocco of 24 AH-64Es (with an option for a further 12), this allows Morocco to negotiate an order. [148] In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share the source code complicated the prospect. "NATO loses contact with drone chopper over Libya. The British-built AgustaWestland Apache (assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D Block I with several systems, including more powerful engines, folding rotor blades, and other modifications for operation from Royal Navy vessels. Israel used the Apache in its military conflicts in Lebanon and the Gaza Strip. [203], Shortly after Apaches were deployed to Hamid Karzai International Airport, as part of the Dutch contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004, a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close to Kabul. [76][77], Boeing has suggested that the AH-64 could be fitted with a directed energy weapon. [191] A competition held in 1994 against the Eurocopter Tiger and the Bell AH-1 SuperCobra led to the Royal Netherlands Air Force ordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995. [82] The UK ended combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2014. The first eight helicopters were built by Boeing; the remaining 59 were assembled by Westland Helicopters (now part of AgustaWestland) at Yeovil, Somerset in England from Boeing-supplied kits. [100], The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s. The AH Mk1 was custom built to meet the mission specific requirements of the UK armed forces. [81], In January 1984, the U.S. Army formally accepted its first production AH-64A and training of the first pilots began later that year. It features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 20:07, Target Acquisition and Designation System, Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System, List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War, List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan, 1st Battalion (Attack), 229th Aviation Regiment, fired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon, List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center, United States Army Aviation and Missile Command, List of active United States military aircraft, "Boeing Marks 25th Anniversary of Apache First Flight Sept. 30", "Department of the Army Historical Summary, FY 1987, Chapter 5: Modernizing and Equipping the Army", "US Army takes delivery of 500th Boeing AH-64E Apache Helicopter", "Army Decides To Scrap Cheyenne Helicopter Gunship", "DoD Approves Production of Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter", "Army Inks $1.9 Billion AH-64D Apache Deal", "KAI Signs Cooperation Agreement With Boeing, To Produce Apache Fuselages", "F-15/Apache Fuselage Monopolization Program", "Boeing celebrates milestone: 100th AH-64D Apache fuselage delivery", "Arbitrator will rule on AH-64 fuselage production dispute", "Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II", "Greece urged to commit to Apache upgrade, as air force eyes new utility model", "Boeing suggests propulsor, winged AH-64 Apache variant for US Army", "T700-GE-701D Engine Awarded U.S. Army Qualification", "Boeing AH-64 Apache windshields, windows, canopy and blast barrier", "Boeing AH-64D Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter", The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design, "Emergence of Solid State Helmet-Mounted Displays in Military Applications", "Boeing To Develop Electric Gun Turret for the AH-64D", "How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors", "Lockheed tech lets U.S. Apache helicopter pilots aim in color", "Lockheed secures first order for Apache day sensor kits", "US approves full new warhead production", "BAE secures US Army Apache as APKWS laser-guided rocket customer", Raytheon Sells Stingers for Apaches Abroad, Weapon, sensor upgrades coming for Apache fleet, "Apache-UAV teaming combines 'best capabilities of man, machine'", Boeing, Lockheed unveil competing UAV-killing concepts, "Raytheon, US Army complete first ever helicopter-based firing of High Energy Laser", "MBDA fires Brimstone missile from Apache helicopter", "US Army to field Israeli-made long-range missile on helicopters", "Case Study of the Development of the Apache Attack Helicopter (AH-64)", "OPERATION DESERT STORM: Apache Helicopter Was Considered Effective in Combat, but Reliability Problems Persist", "High Tech Weapons in Desert Storm: Hype or Reality? [10] These problems with key aircraft components, and fleet's high cost, led to calls for its cancellation in 1999. [70][71] The Stinger was initially selected; the U.S. Army was also considering the Starstreak air-to-air missile. [36] There used to be a third type of warhead: the Multi-Purpose Sub Munition (MPSM), which was a controversial weapon as it has been classified as a cluster bomb;[37] each rocket contained nine M73 submunitions. [50] The Westland Apache has replaced the Westland Lynx AH7 as the British Army's tactical attack helicopter. [162][163] IAF Apaches also attacked civilian targets, killing many, including women and children. [84] On 17 May 2011, the Apache tested its Hellfire missiles against sea targets for the first time, 9 missiles were fired with a 100% success rate. British Apaches also served in the NATO 2011 military intervention in Libya operating from Royal Navy ships. Bound for Bosnia By Train, Truck, Air", "Two Peacekeeping Helicopters Fired on in Kabul", "Dutch Apache Accident Leaves 50,000 Homes Without Power", "Netherlands ships first Apaches to US for modernisation", "Apache Copters All Set if Iraqis Make a Move", "Desert Air, Sands Alive With Modern Warriors", "Bush Endorses Sale of Arms to SaudisMcDonnell Douglas Could Benefit from Pact", "U.S. Plans $1.8 Billion Saudi Military Sale", "U.S. and Israel Working Out Deal To Offset Warplane Sale to Saudis", "The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: $400M to Upgrade AH-64A Apache Helicopters", "US OKs sale of Boeing helicopters to Saudi Arabia", "Saudi Arabia AH-64D Apache, UH-60M Blackhawk, AH-6i Light Attack, and MD-530F Light Turbine Helicopters", "Saudi troops combing Yemen border; security stepped up", "Saudi Apache gunships prevent incursion by "infiltrators", "Saudi Military Operations along the Yemen Border Repel Houthist Incursion", "Yemen rebels announce pullout from Saudi land", "Houthi Rebels Claim To Have Shot Down Saudi Apache Gunship And Wing Loong UAV in Yemen", "Apache Helicopter Guns Down Boat Full of Somali Refugees Fleeing Yemen", "Yemen migrant boat attack kills at least 42", "UAE's 30-Helicopter Apache Upgrade Program Underway", "United Arab Emirates Apache AH-64E Helicopters and Services", "UAE to replace lost Apache | Jane's 360", "Egypt to Upgrade 35 Apaches to AH-64D Configuration. [276], In 2009, South Korea showed interest in the Apache,[277][278] potentially related to plans to withdraw many U.S. Apaches from the country. HR-V 2014 2015 2016 au PAY !OK! . [40] The stub-wing pylons have mounting points for maintenance access; these mountings can also be used to secure personnel externally for emergency transport. "[66] It has been noted that Taliban forces refer to the aircraft as the "Mosquito". Congress. [187] Approval for the re-manufacture of fifty of the UK's WAH-64 Mk 1 fleet to AH-64E Apache Guardian standard had been given by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency in August 2015. The earlier shot of the surface details and the flying surfaces of the Apaches Today's Fresh images include the forward instruments and sensors in the "cheeks" of the Apache. American AH-64s have served in conflicts in Panama, the Persian Gulf, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq . [159][160] Human Rights Watch documented instances of IAF Apaches attacking civilian homes during the 2002 Jenin operation, killing one civilian. [235][236], In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a large-scale military operation to regain control of the Sinai Peninsula from armed militants. Cha c sn phm trong gi hng. The system can be optionally integrated with directional infrared countermeasures and radio frequency countermeasures. The Global Military Rotorcraft Market 2011-2021. [11], When the requirement for the Apache had been formalised in the early 1990s, military doctrine assumed that a large conventional armoured assault from the Eastern Bloc was Britain's main threat. The Boeing AH-64 Apache (/pti/) is an American twin-turboshaft attack helicopter with a tailwheel-type landing gear arrangement and a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. The manufacture companies were the Hughes Helicopters, McDonnell Douglas and Boeing. [8][9] In 1998, the AN/APG-78 Longbow radar's development ran into problems regarding its weight, impact upon overall agility, and data transfer abilities. [125][126][127][128] Most Apaches that took heavy damage were able to continue their missions and return safely. country of origin: United States of America. [17] In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was $7M and the average unit cost was approximately $13.9M based on total costs. AugustaWestland, as a prime contractor, formed a team comprising of Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Longbow International (Lockheed Martin-Northrop Grumman joint venture). [155][156][157] On 13 April 1996, during Operation Grapes of Wrath, an Apache fired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon, killing six civilians. The Ministry of Defence opened an investigation into the cause of the crash. [20] Various options were considered for maintaining the capability: In August 2015, the UK requested the upgrade of 50 of its Apaches to AH-64E standard through a US Foreign Military Sale. The Boeing AH-64 Apache ( / pti /) is an American twin- turboshaft attack helicopter with a tailwheel-type landing gear arrangement and a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. The aircraft is also undergoing further modernization modifications such as the Modernized Day Sensor Assembly. [34], By May 2019, Boeing tested in a wind tunnel a compound Apache scale model with a pusher propeller, a small wing to increase range and speed, and a counter-torque tail rotor like the cancelled Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne of the 1960s. The first helicopter was delivered to the JGSDF in early 2006. [257] In October 2010, training was suspended following the forced crash-landing of an Apache. Hughes' Model 77/YAH-64A prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's Model 409/YAH-63A prototype first flew on 1 October 1975. Remanufacturing to AH-64E standard, i.e. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. American AH-64s have served in conflicts in Panama, the Persian Gulf, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. The cruise speed of the Ah Mk1 is 259km/h. [16], A 1985 Department of Defense engineering analysis by the inspector general's office reported that significant design deficiencies still needed to be addressed by the contractor. The deployment, known as Exercise Clockwork, represented the aircraft's first cold weather training within the Arctic Circle. The Apaches landed under fire inside the compound, after which the rescuers dismounted and recovered the body of LCpl Ford. It has also been fielded on surface platforms in the surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles. The Egyptian Interior Ministry stated that the group, whom were mistaken for militants, were in a restricted area. [citation needed] In June 2016, Apaches were used in support of the Iraqi Army's Mosul offensive[142] and provided support during the Battle of Mosul, sometimes flying night missions supporting Iraqi operations. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Egyptian Air Force's Apaches, which reportedly destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants. [13] Development of the Hellfire missile had begun in 1974, originally known by the name of Helicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile ('Hellfire' being a shortened acronym),[14] for the purpose of arming helicopter platforms with an effective anti-tank missile. [43] Initially pilots had to often fly for 1618 hours at a time due to the low number of Apaches in the theatre;[64] typically each Apache would be stationed in Afghanistan for eight weeks before returning to Britain for roughly eight weeks of maintenance. did desi arnaz jr have a stroke; moose tracks vs cow tracks ice cream An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Whether you wear women's clothing or . US Army TM 1-1520-251-10 Operator's Manual for Helicopter, Attack, AH-64D Longbow Apache, dated 29 March 2002 pp. [77] During the summer of 2009, British Apaches were an integral component of Operation Panther's Claw, which was aimed at pushing insurgents out of civilian areas in the runup to the 2009 Afghan Elections. It is armed with a 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 chain gun carried between the main landing gear, under the aircrafts forward fuselage, and four hardpoints mounted on stub-wing pylons for carrying armament and stores, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and Hydra 70 rocket pods. This upgrade eliminates obsolescence issues while enhancing day-sight capabilities equivalent to the changes made with MTADS/PNVS. The wing-tip AAM stations on either side of the fuselage can be armed with four air-to-air missiles. [129] A DOD audit released in May 2011 found that Boeing had frequently overcharged the U.S. Army for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent. ", "Israel allows Egypt to keep attack helicopters in Sinai", "Mexican tourists killed by Egyptian security forces", "Egypt AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support", "US clears Apache sales for Egypt, missiles for Qatar", "IAF conducting trials for attack helicopters", "Bell, Boeing Quit Indian Attack Helicopter Contest", "Boeing Submits Proposals To India For Apache And Chinook Helicopters", "US government details AH-64D bid for Indian air force contract", "India Support for Direct Commercial Sale of AH-64D Block III Apache Helicopters", "IAF getting 22 Apache helicopters: NAK Browne", "IAF, not Army, will get Apache attack helicopters", "Indian air force Apache, Chinook make flight debuts", "In big boost, IAF gets first Apache Guardian attack helicopter", "IAF inducts 8 Apache AH-64E attack helicopters", "Eight US made Apache attack helicopters inducted into IAF", "India Support for Direct Commercial Sale of AH-64E Apache Helicopters", "India, US sign contract for additional Apache attack choppers", "Greece Buying New Helicopters (12 AH-64D Longbow helicopters)", "Singapore to Purchase 12 Additional Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbows", "Kuwait Runs Apache Longbow Contract To $262.2 M", "USA and Indonesia formalise AH-64E Apache deal", "Indonesian military displays Kaplan MT prototype, Apache helicopter", "First AH-64E Apache Guardian for Indonesia arrives from US", "Indonesia receives first AH-64E Apache Guardian attack helicopter", "Fuji Heavy Industries Delivers First Apache Longbow Helicopter to Japanese Government Under Boeing Licensing Agreement", "Japan to halt AH-64D Apache orders after 13th airframe", "US to Upgrade Japan's Attack Helicopter Fleet", "SDF helicopter crashes, goes up in flames in Saga residential area", "Japanese Apache helicopter crashes in residential area of Saga Prefecture", "GSDF helicopter had main rotor replaced before crash", "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States AH-64D Apache Helicopters and Related Weapons", "Taiwan receives first batch of AH-64E Apaches", "Taiwan's AH-64Es Grounded After Apache Crash", "Taiwan received fifth and last batch of AH-64E Apache attack helicopters", "US May Withdraw More Apache Helos From Korea by 2012", "Republic of Korea (ROK) AH-64D APACHE Attack Helicopters", "Seoul to Purchase 36 Apache Helicopters", South Korea's first four AH-64E combat helicopters delivered to combat units, South Korea completes deployment of its 36 AH-64E Apache Guardian helicopters, "Quarterly Report to the United States Congress", "Agreement reached to sell billions in Apache helicopters to Iraq", "Qatar AH-64D APACHE Block III LONGBOW Attack Helicopters", $23.9B in Deals Announced on Last Day of DIMDEX, "Qatar cleared for $3 billion purchase of 24 Boeing AH-64E Apache attack helicopters", "Future ready strengthening Army's armed reconnaissance capability", "Australia selects Boeing Apache as next armed reconnaissance helicopter", "Securing our national security and local defence jobs and skills", "Bangladesh wants to buy combat fighters, Apache helicopters, missile systems from US", "Mi-28 attack helicopters for Bangladesh", "Philippines AH-1Z Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support", "Philippines Apache AH-64E Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support", "Poland to choose between Apache and Viper for attack helo requirement", "Poland buying 96 AH-64E Apaches, as modernization spending spree continues", "Boeing Statement on Poland's KRUK Attack Helicopter Program", "Army 'retires' last A model Apache helicopter", Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II, "McDonnell-Bell plan Longbow-radar for LHX", "AN/APR-48A Radar Frequency Interferometer", "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's IHS", "Helicopter profile: Boeing AH-64 Apache", "Apache Stinger Testing in Holding Pattern until Starstreak Integration Finished", "Team Apache announces nickname for the Apache Echo Model", "Army Renames Apache Block III Helicopters. [265] In 2017, it was announced that the targeting systems of the 13 aircraft would be upgraded. Probably the ultimate "hero" shot of the Apache we think Longbow is readily identifiable by the mast-mounted antenna for its radar. The Apache quickly became a highly valued tool against insurgents, able to rapidly respond to Taliban forces on the ground. The helicopter is also equipped with crash-worthy seats and a wire strike protection system for improved crew protection. The AH-64 was named the Apache in late 1981, following the tradition of naming Army helicopters after Native American tribes. The Longbow FCR allows the crew to find, track and engage aerial and ground-based targets in all weather conditions. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has a 1bn programme for the AW159 Lynx Wildcat, which is based on an upgraded version of the Lynx helicopter. It has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, including Greece, Japan, Israel, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates. [147] In April 2005, Boeing delivered the IAF's first AH-64D. [186] The deal includes an initial support contract for maintenance, spare parts, and training simulators; components from the older WAH-64s "will be reused and incorporated into the new helicopters where possible." Boeing AH-64 Apache vs AgustaWestland T129 | Comparison helicopters specifications Compare helicopters Boeing AH-64 Apache AgustaWestland T129 Share Boeing AH-64 Apache and AgustaWestland T129 Specifications Range 0 200 400 600 Boeing AH-64 Apache Agusta Range [km] More Dimensions Boeing AH-64 Apache Agusta By Jon Rees For The Mail On Sunday. Potem je leta 2004 Finmeccanica kupila GKN-ov dele in postalo 100% lastnik [4] The Hellfire is equipped with semi-active laser (SAL) seekers. A capability sustainment programme (CSP) to extend the existing fleet's life to 2040. The Apache AH Mk1 is an attack helicopter produced by AgustaWestland under license from Boeing, for the British Army. On the Apache, the laser could be used to destroy enemy communications or radio equipment. In February 2003, the first Block II Apache was delivered to the U.S. Army, featuring digital communications upgrades. [266] One was destroyed in a crash in February 2018 with the deaths of both crew. It has been suggested that advanced rotor blades and additional controls to improve the agility of the aircraft may be fitted in a mid-life update of the fleet. Both crew members are capable of flying the aircraft and performing methods of weapon engagements independently. In 2005, an out-of-service date for the Apache was forecast at 2030. Using the AH-64 to scout would be less expensive than Kiowa upgrades or purchasing a new scout helicopter. [11] Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guided AGM-114 Hellfire missile.
Kronos Timesheet Calculator,
Trillium Lake Water Temperature,
Oldest Person Born In The 1600s,
Mitzen Family Foundation,
Montana Supreme Court Rulings On Homeowners Associations,
Articles A